I've thought of getting one of those kits... It can be used for 20 people, and costs $50 if a member, so for a club or group it's really not a bad investment. I find that I can certainly pick out some of those flavors, and I think I might on others, but I may not have the right word for them. I've had a few beers that have nagging off-flavors that I really can't describe, so it's really hard to pinpoint what may have gone wrong. Something like this may actually give the flavor a name and let me better understand what occurred.
Overall, I definitely grown to the point where I am able to pick out some yeasts, grains, hops and adjuncts, which is kinda cool. I wouldn't say I have a judge-level palette, but I've come a long way in that in the last several years. Certain hops are easy for me (amarillo, citra, n. brewer, simcoe, pac jade, nelson sauvin, PoR [grr...], etc.), while others are more region based (noble v. new zealand v. american). I can totally nail any bit of Munich/biscuit/victory/rye and some other grains as well. In addition, there are some obvious yeasts to me (conan, t-58, kolsch, some belgians, some british, specialty yeasts [saison/hefe/etc]). To haerbob's point, I can tell in some cases if a lager yeast was involved, primarily b/c of the clean/crisp character as opposed to a fuller ale finish. It's a fun parlor trick to take a whiff and sip and immediately declare an ingredient to the brewer or taproom people, though outside of that limited audience most people think it's weird/geeky/who cares/whatever, so it doesn't have much real-world application...